Polylactic acid (PLA) with low moisture vapor transmission rates by grafting through of hydrophobic polymers directly to PLA backbone

ABSTRACT

Polylactic acid-backbone graft and bottlebrush copolymers with low moisture vapor transmission rates are synthesized by polymerizing a lactide-functionalized hydrophobic macromonomer using ring-opening polymerization (ROP). In some embodiments of the present invention, the macromonomer is a lactide-functionalized hydrophobic polymer that may be synthesized by, for example, polymerizing a hydrophobic monomer (e.g., a fluorinated vinyl monomer such as 2,2,2-trifluroethyl methacrylate) capable of undergoing radical polymerization (e.g., styrenic, vinylic, acrylic, etc.) using a brominated lactide initiator via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The brominated lactide initiator may be 3-bromo-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione prepared by, for example, reacting lactide with N-bromosuccinimide in the presence of benzoyl peroxide.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This patent application is a divisional application of pending U.S.patent application Ser. No. 14/519,548 , filed Oct. 21, 2014, entitled“POLYLACTIC ACID (PLA) WITH LOW MOISTURE VAPOR TRANSMISSION RATES BYGRAFTING THROUGH OF HYDROPHOBIC POLYMERS DIRECTLY TO PLA BACKBONE”,which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates in general to the field of biobasedmaterials. More particularly, the present invention relates topolylactic acid-backbone graft and bottlebrush copolymers with lowmoisture vapor transmission rates prepared from lactide-functionalizedhydrophobic macromonomers using ring-opening polymerization (ROP).

SUMMARY

In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, polylacticacid-backbone graft and bottlebrush copolymers with low moisture vaportransmission rates are synthesized by polymerizing alactide-functionalized hydrophobic macromonomer using ring-openingpolymerization (ROP). In some embodiments of the present invention, themacromonomer is a lactide-functionalized hydrophobic polymer that may besynthesized by, for example, polymerizing a hydrophobic monomer (e.g., afluorinated vinyl monomer such as 2,2,2-trifluroethyl methacrylate)capable of undergoing radical polymerization (e.g., styrenic, vinylic,acrylic, etc.) using a brominated lactide initiator via atom transferradical polymerization (ATRP). The brominated lactide initiator may be3-bromo-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione prepared by, for example,reacting lactide with N-bromosuccinimide in the presence of benzoylperoxide.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present invention will hereinafter be described inconjunction with the appended drawings, where like designations denotelike elements.

FIG. 1 is a graphical depiction of a low moisture vapor transmissionrate bottlebrush copolymer having a polylactic acid-backbone andhydrophobic polymer (e.g., styrenic, vinylic, acrylic, etc. HY-polymer)grafts.

FIG. 2 is graphical depiction of a low moisture vapor transmission ratehydrophobic graft copolymer having a polylactic acid-backbone andhydrophobic polymer (e.g., styrenic, vinylic, acrylic, etc. HY-polymer)grafts.

FIG. 3 is a chemical reaction diagram showing the preparation of a lowmoisture vapor transmission rate polylactic acid-backbone bottlebrushcopolymer from the lactide-functionalized hydrophobic polymer3-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate)-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione using ring-openingpolymerization in accordance with some embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 4 is a chemical reaction diagram showing the preparation of a lowmoisture vapor transmission rate polylactic acid-backbone graftcopolymer from the lactide-functionalized hydrophobic polymer3-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate)-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione and non-functionalizedlactide using ring-opening polymerization (ROP) in accordance with someembodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The depletion of fossil fuels from which the majority of polymers arederived, combined with supply chain instability and cost fluctuations offeed chemicals used to make these polymers, is driving the developmentand utilization of biobased plastics for commodity applications.Polylactic acid (PLA), derived from starch and sugars, is a particularlyappealing biobased plastic that is inexpensive and already beingproduced in large commercial quantities. In comparing polymers' materialproperties, polystyrene is often considered the petrochemical-basedcounterpart to PLA. Thus PLA is capable of replacing manypetroleum-derived polymers in some applications. However, several ofPLA's material properties—such as low heat-distortion temperature, highwater adsorption, low flame retardancy, and low toughness—exclude theuse of PLA in many applications. Moreover, additives to improve suchproperties are often expensive and/or come at the cost of sacrificingPLA's beneficial material properties.

One of the most sought after property improvements for PLA is a decreasein its moisture vapor transmission rate, owing to the fact that PLA isinherently hygroscopic. Packaging of water-containing products is ahighly desired application for PLA, but its high moisture vaportransmission rate leads to rapid leaching of water through PLA films,and therefore PLA is currently only utilized for short shelf-lifepackaging applications.

PLA's monomer is lactide. For purposes of this document, including theclaims, the term “lactide” includes all stereoisomers of lactide (e.g.,(S,S)-lactide, (R,R)-lactide, and (S,R)-lactide). (S,S)-lactide is alsoreferred to as “L-lactide”. (R,R)-lactide is also referred to as“D-lactide”. (S,R)-lactide is also referred to as “meso-lactide”. Aracemic mixture of D-lactide and L-lactide is often referred to as“DL-lactide”.

In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention,lactide-functionalized hydrophobic macromonomers are used to formhydrophobic bottlebrush and graft copolymers with PLA backbones.Lactide-functionalized hydrophobic macromonomers utilized in this regardmay be lactide-functionalized hydrophobic polymers with a lactideendgroup and a polymer backbone chosen to tailor material properties ofthe overall copolymer. That is, lactide (PLA's monomer) can befunctionalized with a wide array of different hydrophobic polymers (alsoreferred to herein as “HY-polymers”) designed to engineer hydrophobicproperties (and, optionally, additional properties) to bottlebrush andgraft copolymers. This extends the use of PLA to applications notpreviously possible and creates new markets for PLA.

In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, PLA ischemically modified to possess hydrophobic polymers such aspoly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate) known for low moisture vaportransmission rates. These hydrophobic polymers are bonded to the PLAbackbone. Initiated from brominated lactide, these hydrophobic polymersare formed, in accordance with some embodiments of the presentinvention, by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) ofcorresponding monomers, thereby forming a lactide-functionalizedhydrophobic macromonomer with a reactive lactide endgroup. Thismacromonomer may then be utilized in a ring-opening polymerization(ROP), in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, toform a PLA polymer that is chemically bonded to a hydrophobe. Thesesynthetic techniques are scalable. The hydrophobic graft/bottlebrushcopolymer architecture with a PLA core polymer and hydrophobic polymersat the periphery acts as a “masking” mechanism, shielding the PLA corepolymer from water absorption. The hydrophobic PLA is shielded frommoisture on the molecular level and possesses low moisture vaportransmission rates.

Lactide-functionalized hydrophobic macromonomers can be polymerizedeither alone to form PLA-backbone bottlebrush copolymers with lowmoisture vapor transmission rates (see FIG. 1, described below) or inthe presence of non-functionalized lactide to form PLA-backbone graftcopolymers with low moisture vapor transmission rates (see FIG. 2,described below). PLA-backbone bottlebrush copolymers with low moisturevapor transmission rates synthesized in accordance with some embodimentsof the present invention have a relatively high density of graftedHY-polymers, while PLA-backbone graft copolymers with low moisture vaportransmission rates synthesized in accordance with some embodiments ofthe present invention have a relatively low density of graftedHY-polymers. PLA-backbone bottlebrush copolymers with low moisture vaportransmission rates and PLA-backbone graft copolymers with low moisturevapor transmission rates synthesized in accordance with some embodimentsof the present invention are well defined and controllable with lowpolydispersities (e.g., PDI<1.5).

PLA-backbone bottlebrush copolymers with low moisture vapor transmissionrates and PLA-backbone graft copolymers with low moisture vaportransmission rates synthesized in accordance with some embodiments ofthe present invention constitute chemically-functionalized PLA, and theHY-polymers (e.g., styrenic, vinylic, acrylic, etc.) bonded to the PLAcan be strategically chosen to engineer hydrophobic properties (and,optionally, various additional desired properties) in to the overallcopolymer. Furthermore, covalent bonding of HY-polymers to PLA, as inthe PLA-backbone bottlebrush and graft copolymers with low moisturevapor transmission rates synthesized in accordance with some embodimentsof the present invention, has the additional advantage of forming micro-and nano-structured polymers, resulting from phase separation of the twochemically bonded polymeric components. Micro- and nano-scale phaseseparation of immiscible polymers results in maximized load transferbetween the two phases, thereby optimizing the positive effect of thehydrophobic macromonomer on the overall copolymer.

Micro- and nano-structured polymers are formed, in accordance with someembodiments of the present invention, by a simple annealing process(i.e., heating) of the PLA-backbone bottlebrush and graft copolymerswith low moisture vapor transmission rates. This simple annealingprocess results in phase separation of the two polymeric components ofthe PLA-backbone bottlebrush and graft copolymers with low moisturevapor transmission rates.

FIG. 1 is a graphical depiction of a hydrophobic bottlebrush copolymerhaving a polylactic acid-backbone and HY-polymer (e.g., styrenic,vinylic, acrylic, etc.) grafts. In FIG. 1, the PLA-backbone is depictedwith a solid line and the grafted HY-polymers are depicted with dashedlines. As noted above, PLA-backbone bottlebrush copolymers with lowmoisture vapor transmission rates synthesized in accordance with someembodiments of the present invention have a relatively high density ofgrafted HY-polymers.

FIG. 2 is graphical depiction of a hydrophobic graft copolymer having apolylactic acid-backbone and HY-polymer (e.g., styrenic, vinylic,acrylic, etc.) grafts. In FIG. 2, the PLA-backbone is depicted with asolid line and the grafted HY-polymers are depicted with dashed lines.As noted above, PLA-backbone graft copolymers with low moisture vaportransmission rates synthesized in accordance with some embodiments ofthe present invention have a relatively low density of graftedHY-polymers.

The polydispersity index (PDI) is a measure of the distribution ofmolecular mass in a given polymer sample. PDI is defined as M_(w)/M_(n),where M_(w) is the weight-average molecular weight and M_(n) is thenumber-average molecular weight. PLA-backbone bottlebrush copolymerswith low moisture vapor transmission rates and PLA-backbone graftcopolymers with low moisture vapor transmission rates synthesized inaccordance with some embodiments of the present invention have low PDI(e.g., PDI<1.5).

A simple, two-step method may be employed to chemically modify lactide(PLA's monomer) in such a way that it can be functionalized with a widearray of different HY-polymers designed to engineer hydrophobicproperties (and, optionally, various additional desired properties) toPLA. Brominated lactide (which may be formed in a one-step process fromlactide monomer) can be used directly to initiate polymerization of avariety of hydrophobic monomers through a well-known, often-utilizedprocess called atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). This resultsin a lactide-functionalized hydrophobic polymer, i.e., a lactidemolecule that is functionalized with a hydrophobic polymer. By usinglactide as an ATRP-based initiator, it is possible to form well-defined,“living”, and low polydispersity index (PDI) polymers. Hence, only twowell-defined, high-yielding chemical reactions are required tosynthesize a lactide-functionalized hydrophobic polymer.

ATRP is a polymerization technique that is well known to those skilledin the art. ATRP is a controlled “living” free radical polymerizationtechnique. A low concentration of active radicals is maintained topromote slow growth of the molecular weight and, hence, the “living”ATRP process is controlled. Lactide-functionalized hydrophobic polymerssynthesized via ATRP are “living” polymers in the same sense. Thesepolymers present no inherent termination mechanism.

In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention,lactide-functionalized hydrophobic polymers are used as macromonomers.Generally, macromonomers are oligomers with a number-average molecularweight M_(n) between about 1000 and about 10,000 that contain at leastone functional group suitable for further polymerization.

A lactide-functionalized hydrophobic polymer may be synthesized by ATRPof a hydrophobic monomer capable of undergoing radical polymerization(e.g., styrenic, vinylic, acrylic, etc.) using3-bromo-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione as a brominated lactideinitiator. 3-bromo-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione may be preparedby, for example, reacting lactide with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in thepresence of benzoyl peroxide. One skilled in the art will appreciate,however, that 3-bromo-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione may be preparedusing any number of methods known to those skilled in the art. Forexample, 3-bromo-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione may be prepared byreacting lactide with bromine (Br₂) in the presence of benzoyl peroxide.

Lactide is a commercially available biobased cyclic ester monomer thatcan be obtained from biomass. Lactide is the cyclic di-ester of lacticacid. Lactide may be prepared by heating lactic acid in the presence ofan acid catalyst. Lactide is a solid at room temperature. The meltingpoint temperature of each of L-lactide and D-lactide is between 95 and97° C. Racemic lactide has a melting point temperature between 116 and119° C. The melting point temperature of meso-lactide is less than 60°C. (˜53° C.).

The brominated lactide initiator, in the presence of a copper (I) and,optionally, copper (II) complex, an appropriate ligand (e.g.,N,N,N′,N′,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA)) and a hydrophobicmonomer capable of undergoing radical polymerization (e.g., styrenic,vinylic, acrylic, etc.) undergoes an ATRP reaction to form alactide-functionalized hydrophobic polymer with a polymer backbone (theidentity of polymer may be chosen to tailor hydrophobic properties and,optionally, various additional desired properties) and a lactideendgroup capable of, for example, being polymerized through traditionalPLA synthetic methods or using as a standalone initiator. As anillustrative example, polymerization of hydrophobic monomer2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate via ATRP may be performed intetrahydrofuran (THF) at 60-70° C. In this example, the concentration of2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate may be approximately 1.6 M and theratio of 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate to3-bromo-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione may be approximately 200.Alternatively, the ATRP reaction may be performed in a melt state (e.g.,no solvent) using melt polymerization. Melt polymerization techniquesare well known in the art.

As noted above, ATRP is a polymerization technique that is well known tothose skilled in the art. ATRP can be used with myriad differenthydrophobic monomers to produce myriad different HY-polymers withoutundue experimentation. Generally, polymerization via ATRP is conductedunder extremely low steady state concentration of active radicals,allowing propagation of the polymer chain to proceed with suppressedradical-radical coupling. For example, the monomer and initiator may beadded to a solution containing a catalytic copper/ligand complex (i.e.,an ATRP catalyst and a ligand). Exemplary ATRP catalysts include, butare not limited to, copper(I) complexes such as copper(I) bromide (CuBr)and, optionally, copper(II) complexes such as copper(II) dibromide(CuBr₂). Traditional ATRP can be done with added copper (II), but stillmust have some copper (I) added. Exemplary ligands include, but are notlimited to, bi-, tri- and tetradentate amines such asN,N,N′,N′,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) and bipyridines suchas 4,4′-dinonyl-2,2′-bipyridine (DNBP).

The catalytic copper/ligand complex may be deoxygenated using knowntechniques such as successive cycles of freeze-pump-thaw. One skilled inthe art will appreciate, however, that other techniques fordeoxygenating the mixture may be used in lieu of, or in addition to,successive cycles of freeze-pump-thaw.

The ratio of ATRP catalyst (e.g., CuBr) to hydrophobic monomer (e.g.,2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate) can vary, although suitable resultsare obtained with ratios of 10:1-50:1. The ratio of hydrophobic monomer(e.g., 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate) to initiator (e.g.,3-bromo-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione) may also vary, althoughratios of about 1:10-1:200 (or more) provide suitable results.

The ATRP synthesis of the lactide-functionalized hydrophobic polymer isperformed at an appropriate temperature, for example, 60-70° C. Theappropriate temperature can vary, however, depending on a number offactors including, but not limited to, the identity of the hydrophobicmonomer, the initiator, the ATRP catalyst, and the ligand, as well asthe boiling point of the solvent, if any.

The order of addition of the reagents can have a profound affect on theinitiator efficiency. To optimize this, the copper/ligand complex mustbe formed with a slight excess of copper prior to exposure to thebrominated lactide initiator.

PLA-backbone bottlebrush copolymers with low moisture vapor transmissionrates and PLA-backbone graft copolymers with low moisture vaportransmission rates are synthesized, in accordance with some embodimentsof the present invention, by using the lactide-functionalizedhydrophobic polymer as a macromonomer in a well-known, often-utilizedprocess called ring-opening polymerization (ROP). Lactide-functionalizedhydrophobic macromonomer is polymerized either alone (Reaction Scheme 1,described below) to form PLA-backbone bottlebrush copolymers with lowmoisture vapor transmission rates or in the presence of lactide(Reaction Scheme 2, described below) to form PLA-backbone graftcopolymers with low moisture vapor transmission rates. Various catalystswell known in PLA polymerization can be utilized in the polymerizationof the lactide-functionalized hydrophobic macromonomer. Exemplarycatalysts include, but are not limited to, tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate(Sn(Oct)₂) (also referred to as “stannous octoate” and “tin octoate”),dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), diazabicycloundecene (DBU), and the like.

As noted above, ROP is a polymerization technique that is well known tothose skilled in the art. Generally, both metal and metal-free catalystsmay be used in ROP polymerizations. The catalyst facilitates acoordination-insertion with the carbonyl portion of thelactide-functionalized hydrophobic macromonomer (and, optionally,lactide if synthesizing a PLA-backbone graft copolymer with a lowmoisture vapor transmission rate) and the hydroxyl group of an availablealcohol. The ring-opening of the lactide-functionalized hydrophobicmacromonomer (and, optionally, lactide if synthesizing a PLA-backbonegraft copolymer with a low moisture vapor transmission rate) by theavailable alcohol results in the availability of another alcohol forfurther polymerization.

Reaction Scheme 1, described below, is a general synthetic example ofthe polymerization to synthesize PLA-backbone bottlebrush copolymerswith low moisture vapor transmission rates in accordance with someembodiments of the present invention. In the first step of ReactionScheme 1, brominated lactide monomer3-bromo-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione is prepared by reactinglactide with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in the presence of benzoylperoxide. In the second step of Reaction Scheme 1, alactide-functionalized hydrophobic polymer is obtained by ATRP of ahydrophobic monomer capable of undergoing radical polymerization (e.g.,styrenic, vinylic, acrylic, etc.) initiated from the brominated lactidemonomer in the presence of a copper (I) complex/PMDETA. In the thirdstep of Reaction Scheme 1, a PLA-backbone bottlebrush copolymer with alow moisture vapor transmission rate is obtained by ROP using thelactide-functionalized hydrophobic polymer as a macromonomer.

In the second and third steps of Reaction Scheme 1, R is a hydrogen atomor a methyl group, and wherein HY is a phenyl group functionalized witha fluorine-containing moiety or C(O)OR′, wherein R′ is an alkyl grouphaving one or more carbon atoms functionalized with afluorine-containing moiety or wherein R′ is a linear or branched alkylgroup or cycloalkyl group having one or more carbon atoms. Suitableexamples of hydrophobic monomers capable of undergoing radicalpolymerization in the second step of Reaction Scheme 1 include, but arenot limited to, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethylacrylate, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl methacrylate,1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl acrylate, 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorostyrene,4-fluorostyrene, 4-(trifluoromethyl)styrene, methyl methacrylate, methylacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl methacrylate,propyl acrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, isopropyl acrylate, n-butylmethacrylate, n-butyl acrylate, iso-butyl methacrylate, iso-butylacrylate, tert-butyl methacrylate, tert-butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexylmethacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, lauryl methacrylate, laurylacrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, isobornyl acrylate, cyclohexylmethacrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate, 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexylmethacrylate, 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl acrylate, and combinationsthereof.

Lactide-functionalized hydrophobic polymers (used as macromonomers inthe third step of Reaction Scheme 1) may be synthesized using L-lactideas the starting material. In the first step of Reaction Scheme 1, abromine addition on the L-lactide is employed to synthesize brominatedlactide monomer 3-bromo-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione. In thesecond step of Reaction Scheme 1, a hydrophobic monomer capable ofundergoing radical polymerization is polymerized via ATRP using thebrominated lactide monomer as an initiator.

In the first step of Reaction Scheme 1, a mixture of L-lactide, benzeneand N-bromosuccimide (NBS) are added to a three-neck flask and heated toreflux. Generally, stoichiometric amounts of L-lactide and NBS are used.Mechanical stirring is employed throughout reflux. A solution of benzoylperoxide in benzene is then added dropwise over time through a droppingfunnel, syringe or other suitable technique. Generally, any catalyticamount of benzoyl peroxide may be used. One skilled in the art willappreciate that any suitable solvent may be used in these solutions inlieu, or in addition to, benzene. Suitable solvents include, but are notlimited to, benzene and acetonitrile. After the monomer is consumed, thereaction mixture is cooled to room temperature. The reaction product,which is brominated lactide monomer3-bromo-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione, may be purified usingtechniques well known in the art.

In the second step of Reaction Scheme 1, CuBr andN,N,N′,N′,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) are added to a firstflask, along with a magnetic stirrer. The first flask is fitted with arubber septum and degassed with three successive cycles offreeze-pump-thaw. Generally, the catalytic complex must be formed with aslight excess of copper ([Cu]₀/[PMDETA]₀>1) before exposure to thelactide initiator. Providing a slight excess of copper preventsundesirable side reactions. To a second flask are added some of the3-bromo-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione prepared in the first step ofReaction Scheme 1, THF, and a hydrophobic monomer capable of undergoingradical polymerization. Generally, the ratio of [hydrophobicmonomer]₀/[3-bromo-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione]₀ that may be usedranges from 1:10-1:200 (or more). The second flask is fitted with arubber septum and degassed by bubbling with N₂ flow for at least 30minutes. This mixture is then transferred into the first flask and thepolymerization is carried out under stirring at a suitable temperature.Polymerization typically occurs over a period of hours. Generally, thepolymerization of the hydrophobic monomer via ATRP may be performed inTHF at 60-70° C. The reaction product, which is lactide-functionalizedhydrophobic polymer 3-poly(hydrophobicmonomer)-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione, may be purified usingtechniques well known in the art.

One skilled in the art will appreciate that any suitable catalyticcomplex may be used in lieu, or in addition to, CuBr/PMDETA catalyticcomplex. Suitable catalytic complexes include both a suitable ATRPcatalyst and a suitable ligand. Suitable ATRP catalysts include, but arenot limited to, copper(I) complexes such as CuBr or other copperhalides. Suitable ligands include, but are not limited to, bi-, tri- andtetradentate amines and bipyridines. Specific examples of suitableligands include N,N,N′,N′,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA),4,4′-dinonyl-2,2′-bipyridine (DNBP), and1,1,4,7,10,10-hexamethyltriethylenetetramine (HMTETA).

In the third step of Reaction Scheme 1, a solution of stannous octoate(Sn(Oct)₂) in anhydrous toluene and a solution of benzyl alcohol inanhydrous toluene are added to a flask, and the solvent is removed invacuo. Generally, any catalytic amount of Sn(Oct)₂ or other suitablecatalyst may be used. A similar amount of benzyl alcohol or othersuitable initiator is typically used. One skilled in the art willappreciate that any suitable solvent may be used in the Sn(Oct)₂solution and benzyl alcohol solution in lieu, or in addition to,anhydrous toluene. Some of the lactide-functionalized hydrophobicpolymer (macromonomer) prepared in the second step of Reaction Scheme 1is added to the flask, along with a magnetic stirrer. The flask isfitted with a rubber septum and degassed by bubbling with N₂ flow for atleast 30 minutes. The polymerization is carried out under stirring at asuitable temperature. Polymerization typically occurs over a period ofhours. Generally, the polymerization of the lactide-functionalizedhydrophobic macromonomer via ROP may be performed in toluene at 110° C.Alternatively, the ROP reaction may be performed in a melt state (e.g.,no solvent) at 110-180° C. using melt polymerization. Meltpolymerization techniques are well known in the art. The reactionproduct, which is a PLA-backbone bottlebrush copolymer with a lowmoisture vapor transmission rate, may be purified using techniques wellknown in the art.

One skilled in the art will appreciate that any suitable catalyst may beused in lieu, or in addition to, Sn(Oct)₂. Generally, both metal andmetal-free catalysts may be used. Suitable catalysts include, but arenot limited to, Sn(Oct)₂, dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP),1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene (DBU), and1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD).

One skilled in the art will appreciate that any initiator may be used inlieu, or in addition to, benzyl alcohol. Suitable initiators include,but are not limited to, benzyl alcohol, primary alcohols (e.g., ethanoland butanol), 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate.

Reaction Scheme 2, described below, is a general synthetic example ofthe polymerization to synthesize PLA-backbone graft copolymers with lowmoisture vapor transmission rates in accordance with some embodiments ofthe present invention. In the first step of Reaction Scheme 2,brominated lactide monomer 3-bromo-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione isprepared by reacting lactide with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in thepresence of benzoyl peroxide. In the second step of Reaction Scheme 2, alactide-functionalized hydrophobic polymer is obtained by ATRP of ahydrophobic monomer capable of undergoing radical polymerization (e.g.,styrenic, vinylic, acrylic, etc.) initiated from the brominated lactidemonomer in the presence of a copper (I) complex/PMDETA. In the thirdstep of Reaction Scheme 2, a PLA-backbone graft copolymer with a lowmoisture vapor transmission rate is obtained by ROP using and thelactide-functionalized hydrophobic polymer as a macromonomer andnon-functionalized lactide.

In the second and third steps of Reaction Scheme 2, R is a hydrogen atomor a methyl group, and wherein HY is a phenyl group functionalized witha fluorine-containing moiety or C(O)OR′, wherein R′ is an alkyl grouphaving one or more carbon atoms functionalized with afluorine-containing moiety or wherein R′ is a linear or branched alkylgroup or cycloalkyl group having one or more carbon atoms. Suitableexamples of hydrophobic monomers capable of undergoing radicalpolymerization in the second step of Reaction Scheme 2 include, but arenot limited to, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate, 2,2,2-trifluroethylacrylate, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl methacrylate,1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl acrylate, 2,3,4,5,6-pentaflurostyrene,4-fluorostyrene, 4-(trifluoromethyl)styrene, methyl methacrylate, methylacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl methacrylate,propyl acrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, isopropyl acrylate, n-butylmethacrylate, n-butyl acrylate, iso-butyl methacryate, iso-butylacrylate, tert-butyl methacrylate, tert-butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexylmethacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, lauryl methacrylate, laurylacrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, isobornyl acrylate, cyclohexylmethacrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate, 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexylmethacrylate, 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl acrylate, and combinationsthereof.

Lactide-functionalized hydrophobic polymers (used as macromonomers inthe third step of Reaction Scheme 2) may be synthesized using L-lactideas the starting material. In the first step of Reaction Scheme 2, abromine addition on the L-lactide is employed to synthesize brominatedlactide monomer 3-bromo-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione. In thesecond step of Reaction Scheme 2, a hydrophobic monomer capable ofundergoing radical polymerization is polymerized via ATRP using thebrominated lactide monomer as an initiator.

In the first step of Reaction Scheme 2, a mixture of L-lactide, benzeneand N-bromosuccimide (NBS) are added to a three-neck flask and heated toreflux. Generally, stoichiometric amounts of L-lactide and NBS are used.Mechanical stirring is employed throughout reflux. A solution of benzoylperoxide in benzene is then added dropwise over time through a droppingfunnel, syringe or other suitable technique. Generally, any catalyticamount of benzoyl peroxide may be used. One skilled in the art willappreciate that any suitable solvent may be used in these solutions inlieu, or in addition to, benzene. Suitable solvents include, but are notlimited to, benzene and acetonitrile. After the monomer is consumed, thereaction mixture is cooled to room temperature. The reaction product,which is brominated lactide monomer3-bromo-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione, may be purified usingtechniques well known in the art.

In the second step of Reaction Scheme 2, CuBr andN,N,N′,N′,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) are added to a firstflask, along with a magnetic stirrer. The first flask is fitted with arubber septum and degassed with three successive cycles offreeze-pump-thaw. Generally, the catalytic complex must be formed with aslight excess of copper ([Cu]₀/[PMDETA]₀>1) before exposure to thelactide initiator. Providing a slight excess of copper preventsundesirable side reactions. To a second flask are added some of the3-bromo-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione prepared in the first step ofReaction Scheme 2, THF, and a hydrophobic monomer capable of undergoingradical polymerization. Generally, the ratio of [hydrophobicmonomer]₀/[3-bromo-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione]₀ that may be usedranges from 1:10-1:200 (or more). The second flask is fitted with arubber septum and degassed by bubbling with N₂ flow for a few minutes.This mixture is then transferred into the first flask and thepolymerization is carried out under stirring at a suitable temperature.Polymerization typically occurs over a period of hours. Generally, thepolymerization of the hydrophobic monomer via ATRP may be performed inTHF at 60-70° C. The reaction product, which is lactide-functionalizedhydrophobic polymer 3-poly(hydrophobicmonomer)-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione, may be purified usingtechniques well known in the art.

One skilled in the art will appreciate that any suitable catalyticcomplex may be used in lieu, or in addition to, CuBr/PMDETA catalyticcomplex. Suitable catalytic complexes include both a suitable ATRPcatalyst and a suitable ligand. Suitable ATRP catalysts include, but arenot limited to, copper(I) complexes such as CuBr or other copperhalides. Suitable ligands include, but are not limited to, bi-, tri- andtetradentate amines and bipyridines. Specific examples of suitableligands include N,N,N′,N′,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA),4,4′-dinonyl-2,2′-bipyridine (DNBP), and1,1,4,7,10,10-hexamethyltriethylenetetramine (HMTETA).

In the third step of Reaction Scheme 2, a solution of stannous octoate(Sn(Oct)₂) in anhydrous toluene and a solution of benzyl alcohol inanhydrous toluene are added to a flask, and the solvent is removed invacuo. Generally, any catalytic amount of Sn(Oct)₂ or other suitablecatalyst may be used. A similar amount of benzyl alcohol or othersuitable initiator is typically used. One skilled in the art willappreciate that any suitable solvent may be used in the Sn(Oct)₂solution and benzyl alcohol solution in lieu, or in addition to,anhydrous toluene. Some of the lactide-functionalized hydrophobicpolymer (macromonomer) prepared in the second step of Reaction Scheme 2and non-functionalized lactide are added to the flask, along with amagnetic stirrer. Generally, the amount of lactide-functionalizedhydrophobic macromonomer relative to the amount of non-functionalizedlactide may be adjusted to achieve a desired density of graftedHY-polymers. The flask is fitted with a rubber septum and degassed bybubbling with N₂ flow for at least 30 minutes. The polymerization iscarried out under stirring at a suitable temperature. Polymerizationtypically occurs over a period of hours. Generally, the polymerizationof the lactide-functionalized hydrophobic macromonomer andnon-functionalized lactide via ROP may be performed in toluene at 110°C. Alternatively, the ROP reaction may be performed in a melt state(e.g., no solvent) at 110-180° C. using melt polymerization. Meltpolymerization techniques are well known in the art. The reactionproduct, which is a PLA-backbone graft copolymer with a low moisturevapor transmission rate, may be purified using techniques well known inthe art.

One skilled in the art will appreciate that any suitable catalyst may beused in lieu, or in addition to, Sn(Oct)₂. Generally, both metal andmetal-free catalysts may be used. Suitable catalysts include, but arenot limited to, Sn(Oct)₂, dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP),1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene (DBU), and1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD).

One skilled in the art will appreciate that any initiator may be used inlieu, or in addition to, benzyl alcohol. Suitable initiators include,but are not limited to, benzyl alcohol, primary alcohols (e.g., ethanoland butanol), 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate.

PROPHETIC EXAMPLE 1 Synthesis of HY-Bottlebrush CopolymerPLA-g-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate) via ROP using3-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate)-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione as a macromonomer

In this prophetic example, PLA-g-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate)bottlebrush copolymer is synthesized using lactide-functionalizedhydrophobic polymer 3-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate)-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione as a macromonomer. Forthis synthesis, as illustrated in FIG. 3, a bromine addition on theL-lactide is employed to synthesize brominated lactide monomer3-bromo-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione, followed by polymerizationof 3-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate)-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione via ATRP using thebrominated lactide monomer as an initiator to form thelactide-functionalized hydrophobic macromonomer3-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate)-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione, followed bypolymerization of the lactide-functionalized hydrophobic macromonomervia ROP to form the HY-bottlebrush copolymerPLA-g-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate).

Synthesis of 3-bromo-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione. To a 1 Lthree-neck flask are added L-lactide (100.0 g, 0.694 mol), benzene (500mL) and N-bromosuccimide (NBS) (136.0 g, 0.764 mmol). The mixture isheated to reflux (approximately 80° C.). Mechanical stirring is employedthroughout reflux.

A solution of benzoyl peroxide (3.36 g, 13.9 mmol) in benzene (50 mL) isthen added dropwise through a dropping funnel over 20 minutes.

After the monomer is consumed, the reaction mixture is cooled to roomtemperature. Then, filtration is employed to separate the solid filtridefrom the liquid filtrate.

The solid filtride from the filtration is evaporated to dryness forminga pale yellow solid. The solid is dissolved in dichloromethane (750 mL)and the solution is washed with saturated sodium bisulfate solutionthree times and saturated NaCl solution once. The organic layer is driedover MgSO₄, and the solution is evaporated to dryness. The orange solidis recrystallized from ethyl acetate and hexanes to produce 68.9 g ofwhite crystals. One skilled in the art will appreciate thatrecrystallization may be performed in other suitable solutions.

The liquid filtrate from the filtration is evaporated to dryness, andthe solid is recrystallized from ethyl acetate and hexanes to produce27.1 g of white crystals. Here too, one skilled in the art willappreciate that recrystallization may be performed in other suitablesolutions.

The combined yield (from both the solid filtride and the liquidfiltrate) is 96.1. g (62%).

Synthesis of 3-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate)-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione. To a first flask areadded CuBr (70.5 mg, 0.49 mmol) andN,N,N′,N′,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) (78 mg, 0.45 mmol),as well as a magnetic stirrer. The first flask is fitted with a rubberseptum and degassed with three successive cycles of freeze-pump-thaw.Generally, the catalytic complex must be formed with a slight excess ofcopper ([Cu]₀/[PMDETA]₀>1) before exposure to the lactide initiator.Providing a slight excess of copper prevents undesirable side reactions.

To a second flask are added some of the3-bromo-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione (99.7 mg, 0.45 mmol) preparedin the first step of this example, THF (10 mL), and 2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate (1.5 g, 9 mmol). Generally, the ratio of[2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate]₀/[3-bromo-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione]₀ that may beused ranges from 10 to 200. The second flask is fitted with a rubberseptum and degassed by bubbling with N₂ flow for at least 30 minutes.This mixture is then transferred into the first flask and thepolymerization is carried out under stirring at 70° C. Polymerizationoccurs over a period of 0.5-4 hours. Generally, the polymerization of2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate via ATRP may be performed in THF at60-70° C. for a [2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate]₀ of 0.5-5 M and[2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate]₀/[3-bromo-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione]₀ of 10-200.

Copper catalyst is removed by passing the reaction mixture diluted withTHF through an alumina gel column.

The 3-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate)-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione is recovered byprecipitation in 7-fold excess of cold methanol, filtrated and dried upto constant weight.

Synthesis of HY-bottlebrush copolymer PLA-g-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate). A solution of stannous octoate (Sn(Oct)₂) in anhydroustoluene (0.01 mL of 0.05 M solution) and a solution of benzyl alcohol inanhydrous toluene (0.1 mL of 0.04 M solution) are added to a flask, andthe solvent is removed in vacuo. Some of the 3-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate)-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione (macromonomer) (0.72 g,0.2 mmol) prepared in the second step of this example is added to theflask, along with a magnetic stirrer. The flask is fitted with a rubberseptum and degassed by bubbling with N₂ flow for at least 30 minutes.The polymerization is carried out under stirring at 110° C.Polymerization occurs over a period of 5 hours. Generally, thepolymerization of the lactide-functionalized hydrophobic macromonomervia ROP may be performed in toluene at 110° C. or in the melt at110-180° C.

The crude PLA-g-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate) bottlebrushcopolymer is dissolved in chloroform (CHCl₃), recovered by precipitationin cold methanol, filtrated, and dried up to constant weight. * * *Endof Prophetic Example 1***

PROPHETIC EXAMPLE 2 Synthesis of HY-graft copolymerPLA-g-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate) graft copolymer via ROPusing 3-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate)-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione as a macromonomertogether with non-functionalized lactide

In this prophetic example, PLA-g-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate)graft copolymer is synthesized using lactide-functionalized hydrophobicpolymer 3-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate)-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione as a macromonomertogether with non-functionalized lactide. For this synthesis, asillustrated in FIG. 4, a bromine addition on the L-lactide is employedto synthesize brominated lactide monomer3-bromo-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione, followed by polymerizationof 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate via ATRP using the brominatedlactide monomer as an initiator to form the lactide-functionalizedhydrophobic macromonomer, followed by polymerization of thelactide-functionalized hydrophobic macromonomer and non-functionalizedlactide via ROP to form the HY-graft copolymerPLA-g-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate).

Synthesis of 3-bromo-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione. To a 1 Lthree-neck flask are added L-lactide (100.0 g, 0.694 mol), benzene (500mL) and N-bromosuccimide (NBS) (136.0 g, 0.764 mmol). The mixture isheated to reflux (approximately 80° C.). Mechanical stirring is employedthroughout reflux.

A solution of benzoyl peroxide (3.36 g, 13.9 mmol) in benzene (50 mL) isthen added dropwise through a dropping funnel over 20 minutes.

After the monomer is consumed, the reaction mixture is cooled to roomtemperature. Then, filtration is employed to separate the solid filtridefrom the liquid filtrate.

The solid filtride from the filtration is evaporated to dryness forminga pale yellow solid. The solid is dissolved in dichloromethane (750 mL)and the solution is washed with saturated sodium bisulfate solutionthree times and saturated NaCl solution once. The organic layer is driedover MgSO₄, and the solution is evaporated to dryness. The orange solidis recrystallized from ethyl acetate and hexanes to produce 68.9 g ofwhite crystals. One skilled in the art will appreciate thatrecrystallization may be performed in other suitable solutions.

The liquid filtrate from the filtration is evaporated to dryness, andthe solid is recrystallized from ethyl acetate and hexanes to produce27.1 g of white crystals. Here too, one skilled in the art willappreciate that recrystallization may be performed in other suitablesolutions.

The combined yield (from both the solid filtride and the liquidfiltrate) is 96.1. g (62%).

Synthesis of 3-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate)-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione. To a first flask areadded CuBr (70.5 mg, 0.49 mmol) andN,N,N′,N′,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) (78 mg, 0.45 mmol),as well as a magnetic stirrer. The first flask is fitted with a rubberseptum and degassed with three successive cycles of freeze-pump-thaw.Generally, the catalytic complex must be formed with a slight excess ofcopper ([Cu]₀/[PMDETA]₀>1) before exposure to the lactide initiator.Providing a slight excess of copper prevents undesirable side reactions.

To a second flask are added some of the3-bromo-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione (99.7 mg, 0.45 mmol) preparedin the first step of this example, THF (10 mL), and 2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate (1.5 g, 9 mmol). Generally, the ratio of[2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate]₀/[3-bromo-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione]₀ that may beused ranges from 10 to 200. The second flask is fitted with a rubberseptum and degassed by bubbling with N₂ flow for at least 30 minutes.This mixture is then transferred into the first flask and thepolymerization is carried out under stirring at 70° C. Polymerizationoccurs over a period of 0.5-4 hours. Generally, the polymerization of2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate via ATRP may be performed in THF at60-70° C. for a [2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate]₀ of 0.5-5 M and[2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate]₀/[3-bromo-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione]₀ of 10-200.

Copper catalyst is removed by passing the reaction mixture diluted withTHF through an alumina gel column.

The 3-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate)-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione is recovered byprecipitation in 7-fold excess of cold methanol, filtrated and dried upto constant weight.

Synthesis of HY-graft copolymer PLA-g-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate). A solution of stannous octoate (Sn(Oct)₂) in anhydroustoluene (0.01 mL of 0.05 M solution) and a solution of benzyl alcohol inanhydrous toluene (0.1 mL of 0.04 M solution) are added to a flask, andthe solvent is removed in vacuo. Some of the 3-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate)-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione (macromonomer) (0.72 g,0.2 mmol) prepared in the second step of this example andnon-functionalized lactide (1.0 g, 6.9 mmol) are added to the flask,along with a magnetic stirrer. The flask is fitted with a rubber septumand degassed by bubbling with N₂ flow for at least 30 minutes. Thepolymerization is carried out under stirring at 110° C. Polymerizationoccurs over a period of 5 hours. Generally, the polymerization of thelactide-functionalized hydrophobic macromonomer and thenon-functionalized lactide via ROP may be performed in toluene at 110°C. or in the melt at 110-180° C.

The crude PLA-g-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate) graft copolymeris dissolved in chloroform (CHCl₃), recovered by precipitation in coldmethanol, filtrated, and dried up to constant weight. ***End ofProphetic Example 2***

One skilled in the art will appreciate that many variations are possiblewithin the scope of the present invention. Thus, while the presentinvention has been particularly shown and described with reference topreferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled inthe art that these and other changes in form and details may be madetherein without departing from the spirit and scope of the presentinvention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A polylactic acid-backbone graft copolymerrepresented by the following formula:

wherein R is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and wherein HY is aphenyl group functionalized with a fluorine-containing moiety orC(O)OR′, wherein R′ is an alkyl group having one or more carbon atomsfunctionalized with a fluorine-containing moiety, wherein the variablesx, y, z, and n each denotes a degree of polymerization of a respectiverepeating unit, wherein the value of the variable n is greater than 1,and wherein the value of the variables x, y, and z each is equal to orgreater than
 1. 2. A polylactic acid-backbone bottlebrush copolymerrepresented by the following formula:

wherein R is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and wherein HY is aphenyl group functionalized with a fluorine-containing moiety orC(O)OR′, wherein R′ is an alkyl group having one or more carbon atomsfunctionalized with a fluorine-containing moiety, wherein the variablesx and n each denotes a degree of polymerization of a respectiverepeating unit, and wherein the value of the variables x and n each isgreater than
 1. 3. A polylactic acid-backbone copolymer represented bythe following formula:

wherein R is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and wherein HY is aphenyl group functionalized with a fluorine-containing moiety orC(O)OR′, wherein R′ is an alkyl group having one or more carbon atomsfunctionalized with a fluorine-containing moiety, wherein the variablesx, y, z and n each denotes a degree of polymerization of a respectiverepeating unit, wherein the value of the variable n is greater than 1,wherein the value of the variable x is either equal to zero or equal toor greater than 1, and wherein the value of the variables y and z eachis equal to or greater than
 1. 4. The polylactic acid-backbone copolymeras recited in claim 3, wherein the polylactic acid-backbone copolymer issynthesized by polymerizing a lactide-functionalized hydrophobicmacromonomer alone or with lactide using ring-opening polymerization(ROP), wherein the lactide-functionalized hydrophobic macromonomer is alactide-functionalized hydrophobic polymer represented by the followingformula:

wherein R is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and wherein HY is aphenyl group functionalized with a fluorine-containing moiety orC(O)OR′, wherein R′ is an alkyl group having one or more carbon atomsfunctionalized with a fluorine-containing moiety, wherein the variable ndenotes a degree of polymerization of a repeating unit, and wherein thevalue of the variable n is sufficient to provide thelactide-functionalized hydrophobic polymer with a number-averagemolecular weight M_(n) between about 1000 and about 10,000.
 5. Thepolylactic acid-backbone copolymer as recited in claim 3, wherein thepolylactic acid-backbone copolymer is a polylactic acid-backbonebottlebrush copolymer having the following formula:

wherein the variables x and n each denotes a degree of polymerization ofa respective repeating unit, and wherein the value of the variables xand n each is greater than
 1. 6. The polylactic acid-backbone copolymeras recited in claim 5, wherein the polylactic acid-backbone bottlebrushcopolymer is synthesized by polymerizing 3-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate)-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione alone usingring-opening polymerization (ROP).
 7. The polylactic acid-backbonecopolymer as recited in claim 3, wherein the polylactic acid-backbonecopolymer is a polylactic acid-backbone graft copolymer having thefollowing formula:

wherein the variables x, y, z and n each denotes a degree ofpolymerization of a respective repeating unit, wherein the value of thevariable n is greater than 1, and wherein the value of the variables x,y and z each is equal to or greater than
 1. 8. The polylacticacid-backbone copolymer as recited in claim 7, wherein the polylacticacid-backbone graft copolymer is synthesized by polymerizing3-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate)-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione and lactide usingring-opening polymerization (ROP).